I will use treats in some instances of behavior modification but rarely with the leadership program. It depends solely on the individual dog. The treats, if used at all, are a short-lived method that serves to a greater, treat free, end. In regards to clickers, they have been successfully used in training animals of varying species and many Hollywood trainers swear by their use. I believe there is a time and place for everything and have experience with clickers but have limited their use to true trick training. I have not used clickers for any type of training for several years as I can obtain willing participation from dogs without their use. I never recommend the use of clickers for basic obedience training, as compliance to obedience commands are often required in real life situations when you may not have a clicker available to you. This is why, when dealing with canines, I suggest clicker training be used for trick training only. (More information on clicker training is available in article "Clickers" What's the Point?